The home front during World War I covers the domestic, economic, social and political histories of countries involved in that blogger.com covers the mobilization of armed forces and war supplies,lives of others, but does not include the military history. For nonmilitary interactions among the major players see Diplomatic history of World War I.. And about million combatants and seven World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July to 11 November Also known as the Great War or "the war to end all wars", it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July to 11 November Also known as the Great War or "the war to end all wars", it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history
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World War I or the First World Waroften abbreviated as WWI or WW1essays on americas great war zieger, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July to 11 November Also known as the Great War or " the war to end all wars ", [7] it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnelincluding 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history.
On 28 JuneGavrilo Principa Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist and member of the Serbian Black Hand military society, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevoleading to the July Crisis. Serbia's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians, and essays on americas great war zieger two moved to a war footing.
A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe. By Julythe great powers of Europe were essays on americas great war zieger into two coalitions: the Triple Ententeconsisting of FranceRussiaand Britain ; and the Triple Alliance of GermanyAustria-Hungaryand Italy.
The Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature, allowing Italy to stay out of the war until 26 Aprilwhen it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated. France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August Germany's strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within 6 weeks, then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan.
On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on 23 August, Japan sided with Britain, seizing German possessions in China and the Pacific. In Novemberthe Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of Austria-Hungary and Germany, opening fronts in the CaucasusMesopotamiaessays on americas great war zieger, and the Sinai Peninsula. The war was fought in and drew upon each power's colonial empire also, spreading the conflict to Africa and across the globe.
The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Essays on americas great war zieger and by the end ofthe Western Front settled into a war of attritionmarked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until the Eastern Frontby contrast, was marked by much greater exchanges of territory.
InItaly joined the Allied Powers and opened a front in the Alps. Bulgaria joined the Central Powers in and Greece joined the Allies inexpanding the war in the Balkans. The United States initially remained neutral, though even while neutral it became an important supplier of war materiel to the Allies. Eventually, after the sinking of American merchant ships by German submarines, the declaration by Germany that its navy would resume unrestricted attacks on neutral shipping, and the revelation that Germany was trying to incite Mexico to initiate war against the United States, the U.
declared war on Germany on 6 April Trained American forces did not begin arriving at the front in large numbers until mid, essays on americas great war zieger the American Expeditionary Force ultimately reached some two million troops.
Though Serbia was defeated inand Romania joined the Allied Powers inonly to be defeated inessays on americas great war zieger, none of the great powers were knocked out of the war until The February Revolution in Russia replaced the Monarchy with the Provisional Governmentbut continuing discontent with the cost of the war led to the October Revolutionthe creation of the Soviet Socialist Republicand the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk by the new government in Marchessays on americas great war zieger, ending Russia's involvement in essays on americas great war zieger war.
Germany now controlled much of eastern Europe and transferred large numbers of combat troops to the Western Front. Using new tacticsthe German March Offensive was initially successful.
The Allies fell back and held. The last of the German reserves were exhausted as 10, fresh American troops arrived every day. The Allies drove the Germans back in their Hundred Days Offensivea continual series of attacks to which the Germans had no countermove. With its allies defeated, essays on americas great war zieger, revolution at home, and the military no longer willing to fight, Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on 9 November and Germany signed an armistice on 11 Novemberending the war. World War I was a significant turning point in the political, cultural, economic, and social climate of the world.
The war and its immediate aftermath sparked numerous revolutions and uprisings. The Big Four Britain, France, the United States, and Italy imposed their terms on the defeated powers in a series of essays on americas great war zieger agreed at the Paris Peace Conferencethe most well known being the Treaty of Versailles with Germany.
However, despite the conclusive Allied victory and the creation of the League of Nations during the peace conference, intended to prevent future warsa second world war followed just over twenty years later.
The term world war was first used in September by German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckelwho claimed that "there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' will become the first world war in the full sense of the word," [26] citing a wire service report in The Indianapolis Star on 20 September Prior to World War IIthe events of — were generally known as the Great War or simply the World War.
This is the Great War. For much of the 19th century, the major European powers had tried to maintain a tenuous balance of power among themselves, resulting in a complex network of political and military alliances. Victory in the Austro-Prussian War established Prussian hegemony in Germanywhile victory over France in the — Franco-Prussian War unified the German states into a German Reich under Prussian leadership.
French desire for revenge over the defeat ofknown as revanchismand the recovery of Alsace-Lorraine became a principal object of French policy for the next forty years essays on americas great war zieger French—German enmity. Into isolate France and avoid a war on two fronts, Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors German: Dreikaiserbund between Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany.
Concerned by Russia's victory in the — Russo-Turkish War and its influence in the Balkansthe League was dissolved inwith Germany and Austria-Hungary subsequently forming the Dual Alliance ; this became the Triple Alliance when Italy joined in The practical details of these alliances were limited since their primary purpose was to ensure cooperation between the three Imperial Powers and to isolate France.
Attempts by Britain in to resolve colonial tensions with Russia and diplomatic moves by France led to Bismarck reforming the League in Inthe new German Emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm IIforced Bismarck to retire and was persuaded not to renew the Reinsurance Treaty by the new ChancellorLeo von Caprivi.
The agreements did not constitute formal alliances, but by settling long-standing colonial disputes, they made British entry into any future conflict involving France or Russia a possibility. These interlocking bilateral agreements became known as the Triple Entente. The creation of the German Reich following victory in the Franco-Prussian War led to a massive increase in Germany's economic and industrial strength, essays on americas great war zieger.
Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz and Wilhelm II, who became Emperor insought to use this to create a Kaiserliche Marine or Imperial German Navy to compete with Britain's Royal Navy for world naval supremacy.
This resulted in the Anglo-German naval arms race. Yet the launch of HMS Dreadnought in gave the Royal Navy a technological advantage over its German rival, which they never lost. This was driven by Russia's recovery from the Revolutionspecifically increased investment post in railways and infrastructure in its western border regions.
Germany and Austria-Hungary relied on faster mobilisation to compensate for fewer numbers; it was concern at the closing of this gap that led to the end of the naval race, essays on americas great war zieger, rather than a reduction in tension elsewhere. When Germany expanded its standing army bymen inFrance extended compulsory military service from two to three years; similar measures taken by the Balkan powers and Italy, which led to increased expenditure by the Ottomans and Austria-Hungary.
Absolute figures are hard to calculate due to differences in categorising expenditure, since they often omit civilian infrastructure projects with a military use, such as railways. In OctoberAustria-Hungary precipitated the Bosnian crisis of — by officially annexing the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia and Herzegovinawhich it had occupied since This angered the Kingdom of Serbia and its patron, the Pan-Slavic and Orthodox Russian Empire.
The Balkans came to be known as the " powder keg of Europe ". In andthe First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League and the fracturing Ottoman Empire. The resulting Treaty of London further shrank the Ottoman Empire, creating an independent Albanian state while enlarging the territorial holdings of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegroand Greece. When Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 Juneit sparked the day Second Balkan Warby the end of which it lost most of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece, and Southern Dobruja to Romania, further destabilising the region.
On 28 JuneArchduke Franz Ferdinandheir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian Empirevisited the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo. A group of six assassins Cvjetko PopovićGavrilo PrincipMuhamed MehmedbašićNedeljko ČabrinovićTrifko Grabežand Vaso Čubrilović from the Yugoslavist group Mlada Bosnawho had been supplied with arms by the Serbian Black Handgathered on the street where the Archduke's motorcade was to pass, with the intention of assassinating him.
The political objective of the assassination was to break off Austria-Hungary's South Slav provinces, which Austria-Hungary had annexed from the Ottoman Empire, so they could be combined into Yugoslavia. Čabrinović threw a grenade at the car but missed. Some nearby were injured by the blast, but Ferdinand's convoy carried on. The other assassins failed to act as the cars drove past them. About an hour later, when Ferdinand was returning from a visit at the Sarajevo Hospital with those wounded in the assassination attempt, essays on americas great war zieger, the convoy took a wrong turn into a street where, by coincidence, Princip stood.
With a pistol, Princip shot and killed Ferdinand and his wife Sophie. Although they were reportedly not personally close, the Emperor Franz Joseph was profoundly shocked and upset. The reaction among the people in Austria, however, was mild, almost indifferent. As historian Zbyněk Zeman later wrote, "the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever. On Sunday and Monday 28 and 29 Junethe crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine, as if nothing had happened.
The Austro-Hungarian authorities encouraged the subsequent anti-Serb riots in Sarajevoin which Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks killed two Bosnian Serbs and damaged numerous Serb-owned buildings.
Austro-Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned and extradited approximately 5, prominent Serbs, to 2, of whom died in prison. A further Serbs were sentenced to death.
A predominantly Bosniak special militia known as the Schutzkorps was established and carried out the persecution of Serbs. The assassination led to a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France and Britain, called the July Crisis. Austria-Hungary correctly believed that Serbian officials especially the officers of the Black Hand had been involved in the plot to murder essays on americas great war zieger Archduke, and wanted to finally end Serbian interference in Bosnia.
Serbia accepted all the terms of the ultimatum except for articles five and six, which demanded that Austrian-Hungarian representatives be allowed to assist in suppressing subversive elements inside Serbia's borders and to participate in the investigation and trial of Serbians linked to the assassination. Finally, on 28 Julya month after the assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. On 25 July, Russia, in support of Serbia, declared partial mobilisation against Austria-Hungary.
German Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg waited until the 31st for an appropriate response, when Germany declared Erklärung des Kriegszustandesor "Statement on the war status". When he refused, Germany issued an ultimatum demanding its mobilisation be stopped, and a commitment not to support Serbia. Another was sent to France, asking her not to support Russia if it were to come to the defence of Serbia.
On 1 August, after the Russian response, Germany mobilised and declared war on Russia. This also led to the general mobilisation in Austria-Hungary on 4 August, essays on americas great war zieger. The German government issued demands to France that it remain neutral whilst they decided which deployment plan to implement, it being extremely difficult to change the deployment once it was underway.
The French did not respond but sent a mixed message by ordering their troops to withdraw 10 km 6 mi from the border to avoid any incidents, and at the same time ordered the mobilisation of their reserves. Germany responded by mobilising its own reserves and implementing Aufmarsch II West. The British cabinet decided on 29 July that being a signatory to the treaty about Belgium did not oblige it to oppose a German invasion of Belgium with military force.
On 1 August, Wilhelm ordered General Helmuth von Moltke the Younger to "march the whole of the army to the East" after being informed that Britain would remain neutral if France was not attacked and, possibly, that her hands might, in any case, be stayed by crisis in Ireland. Yet Wilhelm insisted that the German army should not march into Luxembourg until he received a telegram sent by his cousin George Vessays on americas great war zieger, who made it clear that there had been a misunderstanding.
Eventually, the Kaiser told Moltke, "Now you can do what you want. For years, the French had been aware of intelligence indicating that Germany planned to attack France through Belgium. General Joseph Joffrechief of staff of the French military frominquired about the possibility of moving some French troops into Belgium to pre-empt such a move by Germany, but France's civilian leadership rejected this idea.
Joffre was told that France would not be the first power to violate Belgian neutrality and essays on americas great war zieger any French move into Belgium could come only after the Germans had already invaded, essays on americas great war zieger. Early on the morning of 4 August, the Germans invaded; King Albert ordered his military to resist and called for assistance under the Treaty of London. No reply having been received by then, Britain was at war with Germany.
The strategy of the Central Powers suffered from miscommunication.
World War I: The American Legacy
, time: 1:52:31World War I - Wikipedia
The home front during World War I covers the domestic, economic, social and political histories of countries involved in that blogger.com covers the mobilization of armed forces and war supplies,lives of others, but does not include the military history. For nonmilitary interactions among the major players see Diplomatic history of World War I.. And about million combatants and seven World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July to 11 November Also known as the Great War or "the war to end all wars", it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July to 11 November Also known as the Great War or "the war to end all wars", it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history
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