Nov 12, · The comment has been made that "nobody cares except those of us who served in Vietnam (and their families)" That is simply not true. I am 48 years old and was blessed not to lose any loved ones in the Vietnam War. However, I made a trip to D.C. and at the top of my list was to go to the Wall to pay my respects Containment is a geopolitical strategic foreign policy pursued by the United States. It is loosely related to the term cordon sanitaire which was later used to describe the geopolitical containment of the Soviet Union in the s. The strategy of "containment" is best known as a Cold War foreign policy of the United States and its allies to prevent the spread of communism after the end of Popular culture interest in the Vietnam War reached a peak in the s, which saw a string of war movies like “Platoon,” “Full Metal Jacket,” “Hamburger Hill,” “Off Limits” and others along with TV series such as “Tour of Duty” and “China Beach.”Some shows, such as “Magnum P.I.” and “The A-Team,” although not set during the war, featured Vietnam veterans as
George F. Kennan - Wikipedia
George Frost Kennan February 16, — March 17, was an American diplomat and historian. He was best known as an advocate of a policy of containment of Soviet expansion during the Cold War. He lectured widely and wrote scholarly histories of the relations between the USSR and the United States, Realism and the Vietnam War.
He was also one of the group of foreign policy elders known as " The Wise Men ". During the late s, his writings inspired the Truman Doctrine and the U. foreign policy of "containing" the Soviet Union. His " Long Telegram " from Moscow during and the subsequent article The Sources of Soviet Conduct argued that the Soviet regime was inherently expansionist and that its influence had to be "contained" in areas of vital strategic importance to the United States.
These texts provided justification for the Truman administration 's new anti-Soviet policy, Realism and the Vietnam War. Kennan played a major role in the development of definitive Cold War programs and institutions, notably the Marshall Plan. Soon after his concepts had become U. Realism and the Vietnam War, Kennan began to criticize the foreign policies that he had helped articulate. By lateKennan became confident that positive dialogue could commence with the Soviet government.
His proposals were discounted by the Truman administration and Kennan's influence was marginalized, particularly after Dean Acheson was appointed Secretary of State in Soon thereafter, U. Cold War strategy assumed a more assertive and militaristic quality, Realism and the Vietnam War, causing Kennan to lament what he believed was an abrogation of his previous assessments.
InRealism and the Vietnam War, Kennan left the State Department —except for a brief ambassadorial stint in Moscow and a longer one in Yugoslavia —and became a realist critic of U. foreign policy. He continued to analyze international affairs as a faculty member of the Institute for Advanced Study from until his death in at age Kennan was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsinto Kossuth Kent Kennan, a lawyer specializing in tax law, a descendant of dirt-poor Scotch-Irish settlers of 18th-century Connecticut and Massachusetts, Realism and the Vietnam War, who was named after the Hungarian patriot Lajos Kossuth —94[1] [2] and Florence James Kennan.
Kennan died two months later due to peritonitis from a ruptured appendix, though Kennan long believed that she died after giving birth to him. At the age of eight, he went to Germany Realism and the Vietnam War stay with his stepmother in order to learn German.
John's Military Academy in DelafieldWisconsin, and arrived at Princeton University in the second half of Within a year he was transferred to a post in Hamburg, Germany. During Kennan considered quitting the Foreign Service to attend college.
Instead, he was selected for a linguist training program that would give him three years of graduate-level study without having to quit the service. In Kennan began his program on history, politics, culture, and the Russian language at the University of Berlin 's Oriental Institute.
In doing so, he would follow in the footsteps of his grandfather's younger cousin, George Kennan —a major 19th century expert on Imperial Russia and author of Siberia and the Exile Systema well-received account of the Czarist prison system.
In Kennan was stationed at the legation in Riga, Latviawhere, as third secretaryhe worked on Soviet economic affairs. From his job, Kennan "grew to mature interest in Russian affairs". began formal diplomacy with the Soviet government during after the election of President Franklin D, Realism and the Vietnam War. RooseveltRealism and the Vietnam War accompanied Ambassador William C. Bullitt Realism and the Vietnam War Moscow. By the mids Kennan was among the professionally trained Russian experts of the staff of the embassy in Moscow, along with Charles E.
Bohlen and Loy W. These officials had been influenced by the long-time director of the State Department's division of East European Affairs, Robert F. Kennan found himself in strong disagreement with Joseph E. DaviesBullitt's successor as ambassador to the Soviet Union, who defended the Great Purge and other aspects of Stalin's rule.
Kennan did not have any influence on Davies's decisions, Realism and the Vietnam War, and the latter even suggested that Kennan be transferred out of Moscow for "his health". I hate democracy; I hate the press By SeptemberKennan had been reassigned to a job at the legation in Prague. After the occupation of the Czechoslovak Republic by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War IIKennan was assigned to Berlin. There, he endorsed the United States' Lend-Lease policy, but warned against displaying any notion of American endorsement for the Soviets, whom he considered to be an unfit ally.
He was interned in Germany for six months after Germany, followed by the other Axis statesdeclared war on the United States in December In September Kennan was assigned as a counselor of legation in Lisbon, Portugalwhere he begrudgingly performed a job administrating intelligence and base operations. In July Bert Fishthe American Ambassador in Lisbon, suddenly died, and Kennan became Chargé d'affaires and the head of the American Embassy in Portugal.
While in Lisbon Kennan played a decisive role in getting Portugal's approval for the use of the Azores Islands by American Naval and Airforces during World War II. Initially confronted with clumsy instructions and lack of coordination from Washington, Kennan took the initiative by personally talking to President Franklin Roosevelt and obtained from the President a letter to the Portuguese premier, Salazarthat would unlock the concession of facilities in the Azores. There, Kennan became even more disenchanted with the State Department, which he believed was ignoring his qualifications as a trained specialist.
However, within months of beginning the job, he was appointed deputy chief of the mission in Moscow upon request of W. Averell Harrimanthe ambassador to the USSR. In MoscowKennan again felt that his opinions were being ignored by Harry S. Truman and policymakers in Washington. Kennan tried repeatedly to persuade policymakers to abandon plans for cooperation with the Soviet government in favor of a sphere of influence policy in Europe to reduce the Soviets' power there.
Kennan believed that a federation needed to be established in western Europe to counter Soviet influence in the region and to compete against the Soviet stronghold in eastern Europe. Kennan served as deputy head of Realism and the Vietnam War mission in Moscow until April Near the end of that term, the Treasury Department requested that the State Department explain recent Soviet behavior, Realism and the Vietnam War, such as its disinclination to endorse the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
After the Russian Revolution, this sense of insecurity became mixed with communist ideology and "Oriental secretiveness and conspiracy". Soviet international behavior depended mainly on the internal necessities of Joseph Stalin 's regime; according to Kennan, Stalin needed a hostile world in order Realism and the Vietnam War legitimize his autocratic rule.
Stalin thus used Marxism-Leninism as a "justification for the Soviet Union's instinctive fear of the outside world, for the dictatorship without which they did not know how to rule, for cruelties they did not dare not to inflict, for sacrifice they felt bound to demand Today they cannot dispense with it. It is the fig leaf of their moral and intellectual respectability", Realism and the Vietnam War. The solution was to strengthen Western institutions in order to render them invulnerable to the Soviet challenge while awaiting the mellowing of the Soviet regime.
Kennan's new policy of containment, in the words of his later 'X' article, was that Soviet pressure had to "be contained by the adroit and vigilant application of counterforce at a series of constantly shifting geographical and political points".
This dispatch brought Kennan to the attention of Secretary of the Navy James Forrestala major advocate of a confrontational policy with regard to the Soviets, the United States' former wartime ally. Forrestal helped bring Kennan back to Washington, where he served as Realism and the Vietnam War first deputy for foreign affairs at the National War College and then strongly influenced his decision to publish the "X" article.
The goal of his policy was to withdraw all the U. forces from Europe. The settlement reached would give the Kremlin sufficient reassurance against the establishment of regimes in Eastern Europe hostile to the Soviet Union, tempering the degree of control over that area that the Soviet leaders felt it necessary to exercise. Meanwhile, Realism and the Vietnam War, in MarchTruman appeared before Congress to request funding for the Truman Doctrine to fight Communism in Greece.
Unlike the "long telegram", Kennan's well-timed article appearing in the July issue of Foreign Affairs with the pseudonym "X", entitled " The Sources of Soviet Conduct ", did not begin by emphasizing "traditional and instinctive Russian sense of insecurity"; [21] instead it asserted that Stalin's policy was shaped by a combination of Marxist—Leninist ideology, Realism and the Vietnam War, which advocated revolution to defeat the capitalist forces in the outside world and Stalin's determination to use the notion of "capitalist encirclement" in order to legitimize his regimentation of Soviet society so that he could consolidate his political power.
the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies Soviet pressure against the free institutions of the Western world is something that can be contained by the adroit and vigilant application of counterforce at a series Realism and the Vietnam War constantly shifting geographical and political points, corresponding to the shifts and manoeuvers of Soviet policy, but which cannot be charmed or talked out of existence.
His new policy of containment declared that Soviet pressure had to "be contained by the adroit and vigilant application of counter-force at a series of constantly shifting geographical and political points". Kennan further argued that the United States would have to perform this containment alone but if it could do so without undermining its own economic health and political Realism and the Vietnam War, the Soviet party structure would undergo a period of immense strain eventually resulting in "either the break-up or the gradual mellowing of Soviet power".
The publication of the "X" article soon began one of the more intense debates of the Cold War. Walter Lippmanna leading American commentator on international affairs, strongly criticized the "X" article. withdraw its forces from Europe and reunify and demilitarize Germany. This information seemed to give the "X" article the status of an Realism and the Vietnam War document expressing the Truman administration's new policy toward Moscow.
Kennan had not intended the "X" article as a prescription for policy. The article did not make it obvious that Kennan favored employing political and economic rather than military methods as the chief agent of containment. Additionally, the administration made few attempts to explain the distinction between Soviet influence and international Communism to the U. In a PBS television interview with David Gergen inKennan again reiterated that he did not regard the Soviets as primarily a military threat, noting that "they were not like Hitler ".
Kennan's opinion was that this misunderstanding:. all came down to one sentence in the "X" article where I said that wherever these people, meaning the Soviet leadership, confronted us with dangerous hostility anywhere in the world, we should do everything possible to contain it and not let them expand any further. I should have explained that I didn't suspect them of any desire to launch an attack on us.
This was right after the war, and it was absurd to suppose that they were going to turn around and attack the United States. I didn't think I needed to explain that, but I obviously should have done it. The "X" article meant sudden fame for Kennan. After the long telegram, he recalled later, "My official loneliness came in fact to an end My reputation was made, Realism and the Vietnam War.
My voice now carried. Between April and Decemberwhen George C. Marshall was Secretary of State, Kennan was more influential than he was at any other period in his career. Marshall valued his strategic sense and had him create and direct what is now named the Policy Planning Staffthe State Department's internal think tank. Although Kennan regarded the Soviet Union as too weak to risk war, he nonetheless considered it an enemy capable of expanding into Western Europe through subversion, given the popular support for Communist parties in Western Europe, Realism and the Vietnam War, which remained demoralized by the devastation of the Second World War.
To counter this potential source of Soviet influence, Kennan's solution was to direct economic aid and covert political help to Japan and Western Europe to revive Western governments and assist international capitalism; by doing so the United States would help to rebuild the balance of power.
In JuneKennan proposed covert assistance to left-wing parties not oriented toward Moscow and to labor unions in Western Europe in order to engineer a rift between Moscow and working-class movements in Western Europe.
As the United States was initiating the Marshall Plan, Kennan and the Truman administration hoped that the Soviet Union's rejection of Marshall aid would strain its relations with its Communist allies in Eastern Europe.
Kennan proposed conducting covert action in the Balkans to further decrease Moscow's influence.
Realism in the Vietnam War
, time: 9:14Containment - Wikipedia
Mar 29, · Adapted to Vietnam from the story “Heart of Darkness” by Joseph Conrad, Francis Ford Coppola’s portrait of the Vietnam War is a head-first dive into the nightmarish devastation of war MRW: Call of Duty: World at War Edition [Mod] Posted over 5 years ago; downloads; This mod tries to increase realism by tweaking weapon models. The changes try to improve realism of select weapons like the Mosin Nagant, Thompson Sub-Machine gun and the BAR Popular culture interest in the Vietnam War reached a peak in the s, which saw a string of war movies like “Platoon,” “Full Metal Jacket,” “Hamburger Hill,” “Off Limits” and others along with TV series such as “Tour of Duty” and “China Beach.”Some shows, such as “Magnum P.I.” and “The A-Team,” although not set during the war, featured Vietnam veterans as
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