L'épicurisme est un courant de la philosophie occidentale ayant pour objectif principal l'atteinte du bonheur par la satisfaction des seuls désirs «naturels et nécessaires». C'est une doctrine matérialiste et atomiste qui peut être soit qualifiée d'hédonisme raisonné [1], [2], soit d'eudémonisme.. L'épicurisme est issu de l'école du Jardin, fondée dans un petit jardin à Epikur (altgriechisch Ἐπίκουρος Epíkouros; * um v. Chr. auf Samos; † oder v. Chr. in Athen) war ein griechischer Philosoph, Begründer des Epikureismus und der epikureischen Schule. Diese im Hellenismus parallel zur Stoa entstandene philosophische Schule hat durch die von Epikur entwickelte hedonistische Lehre seit ihren Anfängen zwischen Anhängern und Gegnern Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher, political economist and revolutionary, who gave socialism a scientific foundation. Marx was devoted to the study of philosophy and history from a young age and was about to become an assistant professor in philosophy before his life took a different direction and he became a revolutionary
Épicurisme — Wikipédia
Epicureanism is a system of philosophy founded around BC based upon the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus. Epicureanism was originally a challenge to Platonism. Later its main opponent became Stoicism. Few writings by Epicurus have survived. However, there are independent attestations of his ideas from his later disciples.
Some scholars consider the epic poem De rerum natura Latin for On the Nature of Things by Lucretius to present in one unified work the core arguments and theories of Epicureanism. Many of the scrolls unearthed at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum are Epicurean texts.
At least some are thought to have belonged to the Epicurean philosopher Philodemus. Epicurus also had a wealthy 2nd c. AD disciple, Diogenes of Oenoandawho had a portico wall inscribed with tenets of the philosophy erected in Oenoanda, marx dissertation epicurean, Lycia present day Turkey. Epicurus was an atomic materialistfollowing in the steps of Democritus.
Marx dissertation epicurean materialism led him to a general attack on superstition and divine intervention. Following the Cyrenaic philosopher AristippusEpicurus believed that the greatest good was to seek modest, sustainable pleasure in the form of a state of ataraxia tranquility and freedom from fear and aponia the absence of bodily pain through knowledge of the workings of the world and limiting desires.
Correspondingly, Epicurus and his followers generally withdrew from politics because it could lead to frustrations and ambitions which can directly conflict with the Epicurean pursuit for peace of mind and virtues. Although Epicureanism is a form of hedonism insofar as it declares pleasure to be its sole intrinsic goal, the concept that the absence of pain and fear constitutes the greatest pleasure, and its advocacy of a simple life, make it very different from "hedonism" as colloquially understood.
Epicureanism flourished in the Late Hellenistic era and during the Roman era, and many Epicurean communities were established, marx dissertation epicurean, such as those in AntiochiaAlexandriaRhodesand Herculaneum.
By the late 3rd century CE Epicureanism all but died out, being opposed by other philosophies mainly Neoplatonism that were now in the ascendant. Interest in Epicureanism was resurrected in the Age of Enlightenment and continues in the modern era.
In Mytilenethe capital of the island Lesbosand then in LampsacusEpicurus taught and gained followers. In AthensEpicurus bought a property for his school called "Garden", later the name of Epicurus' school. Epicurus emphasized friendship as an important ingredient of happiness, and the school seems to have been a moderately ascetic community which rejected the political limelight of Athenian philosophy. They were fairly cosmopolitan by Athenian standards, marx dissertation epicurean, including women and slaves.
Community activities held some importance, particularly the observance of Eikasa marx dissertation epicurean social gathering. Some members were also vegetarians as, from slender evidence, Epicurus did not eat meat, although no prohibition against eating meat was made, marx dissertation epicurean. The marx dissertation epicurean popularity grew and it became, along with StoicismPlatonismPeripateticismand Pyrrhonismone of the dominant schools of Hellenistic philosophylasting strongly through the later Roman Empire.
Another ancient source is Diogenes of Oenoandawho composed a large inscription at Oenoanda in Lycia. Deciphered carbonized scrolls obtained from the library at the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum contain a large number of works by Philodemusa late Hellenistic Epicurean, and Epicurus himself, attesting to the school's enduring popularity. Diogenes reports slanderous stories, circulated by Epicurus' opponents.
By marx dissertation epicurean late third century CE, there was little trace of its existence. In Dante Alighieri 's Divine Comedythe Epicureans are depicted as heretics suffering in the sixth circle of hell. In fact, Epicurus appears to represent the ultimate heresy, marx dissertation epicurean. In the 17th century, the French Franciscan priest, scientist and philosopher Pierre Gassendi wrote two books forcefully reviving Epicureanism.
Shortly thereafter, and clearly influenced by Gassendi, Walter Charleton published several works on Epicureanism in English. Attacks by Christians continued, most forcefully by the Cambridge Platonists.
Epicureanism argued that pleasure was the chief good in life. He viewed recreational sex as a natural, but not necessary desire that should be generally avoided.
I learn that your bodily inclination leans most keenly towards sexual intercourse. If you neither violate the laws nor disturb well established morals nor sadden someone close to you, nor strain your body, nor spend what is needed for necessities, use your own choice as you wish. It is sure difficult to imagine, however, that none of these would be a part of sex because sex never benefitted anyone. The Epicurean understanding of justice was inherently self-interested.
Justice was deemed good because it was seen as mutually beneficial. of all the things which wisdom has contrived which contribute to a blessed life, none is more important, more fruitful, than friendship. While the pursuit of pleasure formed the focal point of the philosophy, this was largely directed to the "static pleasures" of minimizing pain, anxiety and suffering.
In fact, Epicurus referred to life as a "bitter gift". When we say that pleasure is the end and aim, we do not mean the pleasures of the prodigal or the pleasures of sensuality, marx dissertation epicurean, as we are understood to do by some through ignorance, prejudice or wilful misrepresentation. By pleasure we mean the absence of pain in the body and of trouble in the soul. It is not by an unbroken succession of drinking bouts and of revelry, not by sexual lust, nor the enjoyment of fish and other delicacies of a luxurious table, which produce a pleasant life; it is sober reasoning, searching out the grounds of every choice and avoidance, and banishing those beliefs through which the greatest tumults take possession of the soul.
Epicureanism rejects immortality. It believes in the soul, but suggests that the soul is mortal and material, marx dissertation epicurean, just like the body. This quotation is often used today at humanist funerals. Epicureanism bases its ethics on a hedonistic set of values. In the most basic sense, Epicureans see pleasure as the purpose marx dissertation epicurean life.
Epicureanism divided pleasure into two broad categories: pleasures of the body and pleasures of the mind. The Epicureans further divided each of these types of pleasures into two categories: kinetic pleasure and katastematic pleasure.
From this understanding, marx dissertation epicurean, Epicureans concluded that the greatest pleasure a person could reach was the complete removal of all pain, both physical and mental. Epicurus distinguishes three kinds of desires: the natural and necessary, the natural but not necessary, and those that are neither natural marx dissertation epicurean necessary.
If one follows only natural and necessary desires, then, according to Epicurus, one would be able to reach aponia and ataraxia and thereby the highest form of happiness. Epicurus was also an early thinker to develop the notion of justice as a social contract. He defined justice as an agreement made by people not to harm each other.
It is impossible to live a pleasant life without living wisely and well and justly, and it is impossible to live wisely and well and justly without living a pleasant life. Epicureanism incorporated a relatively full account of the social contract theory, and in part attempts to address issues with the society described in Plato 's Republic.
Epicurean ideas on politics disagree with other philosophical traditions, namely the Stoic, Platonist and Aristotelian traditions. No one is inherently of higher value or meant to dominate another, marx dissertation epicurean. The avoidance or freedom from hardship and fear is ideal to the Epicureans. This community of virtuous friends would focus on internal affairs and justice, marx dissertation epicurean.
However, Epicureanism is adaptable to circumstance as is the Epicurean approach to politics. In some situations it will be more beneficial to have a family and in other situations it will be more beneficial to participate in politics. It is ultimately marx dissertation epicurean to the Epicurean to analyse their circumstance and take whatever action befits the situation.
Epicureanism does not deny the existence of the gods; rather marx dissertation epicurean denies their involvement in the world. According to Epicureanism, the gods do not interfere with human lives or the rest of the universe in any way [37] — thus, it shuns the idea that frightening weather events are divine retribution. Some scholars say that Epicureanism believes that the gods exist outside the mind as material objects the realist positionwhile others assert that the gods only exist in our minds as ideals the idealist position.
Rather, Epicurus is said to have viewed the gods as just idealized forms of the best human life, [40] [44] and it is thought that the gods were emblematic of the life one should aspire towards. Long and David Sedley in their book, The Hellenistic Philosophersin which the two argued in favour of the idealist position. Epicureanism also marx dissertation epicurean arguments against marx dissertation epicurean existence of the marx dissertation epicurean in the manner proposed by other belief systems.
The Riddle of Epicurusmarx dissertation epicurean, or Problem of evilis a famous argument against the existence of an all-powerful and providential God or gods. As recorded by Lactantius :. God either wants to eliminate bad things and cannot, marx dissertation epicurean, or can but does not want to, or neither wishes to nor can, or both wants to and can. If he wants to and cannot, then he is weak — and this does not apply marx dissertation epicurean God.
If he can but does not want to, then he is spiteful — which is equally foreign to god's nature. If he neither wants to nor can, marx dissertation epicurean, he is both weak and spiteful, and so not a god.
If he wants to and can, which is the only thing fitting for a god, where then do bad things come from? Or why does he not eliminate them? This type of trilemma argument God is omnipotent, God is good, but Evil exists was one marx dissertation epicurean by the ancient Greek skepticsand this argument may have been wrongly attributed to Epicurus by Lactantius, who, from his Christian perspective, marx dissertation epicurean, regarded Epicurus as an atheist.
Gleiit is settled that the argument of theodicy is from an academical source which is not only not Epicurean, but even anti-Epicurean. Parallels may be drawn to Jainism and Buddhismwhich similarly emphasize a lack of divine interference and aspects of its atomism. Epicureanism also resembles Buddhism in its temperateness, including the belief that great excess leads to great dissatisfaction. Epicurean physics held that the entire universe consisted of two things: matter and void.
a plant species only grows from a seed of the same species. Epicurus holds that there must be an infinite supply of atoms, although only a finite number of types of atoms, as well as an infinite amount of void. Moreover, the sum of things is unlimited both by reason of the multitude of the atoms and the extent of the void.
For if the void were infinite and bodies finite, the bodies would not have stayed anywhere but would have been dispersed in their course through the infinite void, not having any supports or counterchecks to send them back on their upward rebound.
Again, if the void were finite, the infinity of bodies would not have anywhere to be. Because of the infinite supply of atoms, there are an infinite amount of worlds, or cosmoi.
Epicureanism states that atoms are unable to be broken down into any smaller parts, and Epicureans offered multiple arguments to support this position. Atoms are constantly moving in one of four different ways. Without the swerve, the atoms would never have interacted with each other, and simply continued to move downwards at the same speed.
Epicurus also felt that the swerve was what accounted for humanity's free will. Epicureans believed that senses also relied on atoms.
Karl Marx \u0026 Conflict Theory: Crash Course Sociology #6
, time: 11:19Epikur – Wikipedia
Epikur (altgriechisch Ἐπίκουρος Epíkouros; * um v. Chr. auf Samos; † oder v. Chr. in Athen) war ein griechischer Philosoph, Begründer des Epikureismus und der epikureischen Schule. Diese im Hellenismus parallel zur Stoa entstandene philosophische Schule hat durch die von Epikur entwickelte hedonistische Lehre seit ihren Anfängen zwischen Anhängern und Gegnern L'épicurisme est un courant de la philosophie occidentale ayant pour objectif principal l'atteinte du bonheur par la satisfaction des seuls désirs «naturels et nécessaires». C'est une doctrine matérialiste et atomiste qui peut être soit qualifiée d'hédonisme raisonné [1], [2], soit d'eudémonisme.. L'épicurisme est issu de l'école du Jardin, fondée dans un petit jardin à Karl Marx's Notebooks on Epicurean Philosophy; Marx's Doctoral Dissertation On the Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature This page was last edited on 8 June , at (UTC). Text is available under the Creative
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